A recent study aimed to explore the relationship between ultrasound imaging findings and clinical tests for tibialis posterior tendinopathy.
We reviewed this study in the latest issue of our Research Reviews – where industry experts break down the most recent and clinically relevant studies, for immediate application in the clinic.
What you’ll read below is a snippet from the review.
Key points from the study
- Clinical tests for tibialis posterior tendinopathy demonstrated moderate to substantial reliability, and small to moderate associations with ultrasound imaging findings.
- The single-leg heel raise was the test most related to ultrasound imaging findings.
- Imaging findings should be considered together with clinical presentation and not in isolation.
Background and Objective
The relationship between imaging findings and clinical signs has been a contentious topic for some time. Ultrasound imaging is commonly used to assess tendon changes, but how this relates to common clinical tests has not been explored for tibialis posterior tendinopathy (TPT).
The aims of this study were to:
- Determine the reliability of common clinical tests for TPT; and
- Investigate the relationship between ultrasound findings and clinical tests for TPT, in individuals with medial foot/ankle pain.
Methods
This prospective cohort study recruited 52 participants with medial foot/ankle pain. The clinical examination tests performed included:
- Tenderness on palpation along the course of the tibialis posterior tendon
- Palpable or visible swelling along the course of the tendon
- Pain or weakness on isometric contraction of ankle plantarflexion inversion in neutral
- Pain during or inability to perform one single-leg heel raise
- Combination of palpation AND 1 of 2 positive loading tests (isometric contraction or single-leg heel raise)
Ultrasound examination involved a standardized assessment that evaluated the tibialis posterior tendon for grayscale changes, and measurement of tendon diameter and hypoechoic areas.
Results
Inter-rater reliability was highest for the single-leg heel raise. The other clinical tests demonstrated moderate inter-rater agreement.
22 participants (42%) had grayscale changes in the tibialis posterior tendon on ultrasound imaging. Moderate associations were identified between ultrasound findings and two of the clinical tests – the single-leg heel raise; and combined palpation and loading test. See Table 1 for these findings.
Limitations
It would have been ideal to examine the relationship of ultrasound imaging findings to combinations of clinical tests (as would be performed in the clinic), but the sample size of the study did not provide the opportunity to explore this.
Clinical Implications
Reliability is an important consideration in order for a test to provide useful information in the clinic. The clinical tests of TPT that were evaluated in this study demonstrated moderate to substantial levels of inter-rater reliability.
The single-leg heel raise test, and combination of palpation with a loading test, were moderately associated with grayscale changes on imaging, but with low precision (indicated by the wide confidence interval of the odds ratio). This suggests that changes on ultrasound cannot be used as a surrogate for clinical tests for TPT.
This study joins existing literature to suggest that imaging findings should be considered together with clinical presentation and not in isolation. Imaging can provide information about the presence and extent of structural changes in the tendon, but this should be interpreted in the context of presenting features such as the location of pain and aggravating factors.